Oral Microbiome Write For Us
Oral Microbiome Write For Us: The human microbiome comprises between 1013 and 1014 microbial cells that establish a symbiotic relationship with the host and play a pivotal role in regulating human metabolism. In the oral cavity, diverse bacterial species are capable of dropping nitrate to nitrite, a key precursor of the signaling molecule nitric oxide. Nitric oxide plays numerous physiological roles, including maintaining cardiovascular homeostasis and regulating acute and chronic responses to exercise.
This article briefly reviews studies that have examined the effects of oral microbiome diversity and plasticity on nitric oxide bioavailability and related physiological outcomes. There is compelling evidence that dysbiosis or alteration of the oral microbiota suppresses nitric oxide production via the nitrate-nitrite-nitric oxide pathway and negatively affects blood pressure. Conversely, preliminary evidence suggests that increasing nitrate-reducing bacteria through diet or targeted probiotic use can increase nitric oxide production and improve oral health.
However, whether targeted modification of the oral microbiome can have a substantial impact on sporty performance remains to be determined. Additional research is needed to determine whether altering the composition and metabolic activity of oral bacteria affects the acute response and physiological adaptation to exercise.
Related
Research over the past 20 years has transformed our understanding of how bacteria, both inside and outside the body, contribute to human physiology. The human microbiome is recognized as a distinctive and crucial organ [1] and consists of approximately 1013–1014 microbial cells. This includes the entire genome of the microbiota present in tissues and biological fluids.
This microbiota is predominantly composed of bacteria but also includes archaea, eukaryotes, protozoa, and viruses. Microbial cells establish symbiotic relationships with the host and play a critical role in regulating human metabolism. Recent advances in microbial metagenomics increasingly demonstrate that the genetic diversity and plasticity of the human microbiome can significantly influence human health. To date, research aimed at identifying the links among the microbiome and human health and disease has primarily focused on the gastrointestinal (gut) microbiome.
The gut microbiome is estimated to contain between 500 and 1000 species and 100 trillion organisms, encoding 100 times more unique genes than the social genome. On the other hand, the oral microbiome has been largely ignore until newly. The human oral cavity is an significant habitat for microbes, and a healthy mouth can host more than 700 different species and over ten billion individual bacteria colonizing the teeth and soft tissues of the oral mucosa.
Next, we discuss the role of nitrate-reducing bacteria in maintaining NO bioavailability and regulating physiological homeostasis. Next, we review recent studies that have examine the effects of interventions aimed at altering or restoring the oral microbiome. While previous review articles have focused exclusively on the role of the verbal microbiota in the context of circulatory health, our focus is on the emerging possibility that alterations in microbial activity may be both ergogenic and ergolytic. Finally we discuss future lines of research and key studies that need to be conduct to better understand the importance of the synergetic relationship between the microbiome and the human body during exercise.
Nitric Oxide Pathways
The discovery of nitric oxide began with the observation that L-arginine is required for nitrite formation, which involves a group of enzymes called NO synthases .NOS enzymes are homodimers that catalyze the multistep five-electron oxidation of the guanidine nitrogen group of L-arginine to NO, with L-citrulline as a byproduct. These enzymes require multiple cofactors/associated prosthetic groups, including flavin adenine dinucleotide, flavin mononucleotide, heme, glutathione, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate tetrahydrobiopterin, and Ca2+-calmodulin.
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